7/31/2023 0 Comments Does not equal sign in rYou may need to log off and back on before this input type is enabled. Then you'll be able to enter any character by holding down the right Alt key, pressing the button on the numeric keypad, entering the hex code (8 8 0 0 in your case), and releasing the Alt key. To enable the entry of all Unicode characters by code, create a string registry value in Computer\HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Input Method called EnableHexNumpad with the value of 1. So by default, alt-codes bigger than 256 get wrapped around, so code 257 actually gets you character 1 for example. If this doesn’t work, we need to head into the registry to enable this feature. So the first thing I need to make sure you’ve tried is typing it as ALT 8800, as in including the plus sign in your typing, (the plus sign on the numeric keypad). Any questions we suspect of being leading questions or asked merely to promote an agenda or sealioning will be removed. Other questions not asked in good faith - such as putting a rant or hate towards any group in the form of a question. Rule 9: No disguised rants, agenda posts or potstirring You are welcome to ask good faith questions about such topics but be aware such threads may be locked or removed if necessary to preserve the integrity of the subreddit. Tasteless or disturbing questions regarding loli, pedophilia, murder, violence or other sketchy or disgusting subject matter are not welcome here. Nothing like "Where can I find a copy of (movie/show/music) for free online?" There are other places for asking that, this is not one of them. Rule 8: No illegal/unethical or disturbing subject matter Please see more appropriate subreddits for that. No trying to draw traffic to product/video/podcast/website by phrasing it in the form of a question.Īsking for upvotes, birthday wishes, handouts, or fundraising support fall under this as well. Rule 7: No self-promotion, shilling or begging Questions along the lines of "was I raped?" or "was I sexually assaulted?" are best addressed by the trained, professional support resources you can find here or here. Suicide related questions are best handled by the resources they have at r/SuicideWatch. Rule 6: No suicide or 'was I raped/sexual assaulted/sexually harrassed?' questions No medical advice questions Rule 5: No trolling or joke questionsĭisallowed: questions that are joke or trolling questions, memes, just song lyrics as title, etc. are not permitted at any time.Ĭheck out the reddiquette page for more info - violations of any of those of clauses may result in a ban without warning. Civil disagreements can happen, but insults should not. NSQ is supposed to be a helpful resource for confused redditors. Rule 3: Follow reddiquetteīe polite and respectful in your exchanges. You can find the questions that have come up here again and again in our wiki. As much as we love answering questions here, it doesn't help when we see repeat questions on the front page every day. Rule 2: Please try searching here before posting a new question Link only answers permitted if the question happens to be "What is a good subreddit for.?" On-topic follow up questions are allowed. No responses being rude to the questioner for not knowing the answer. Users are coming to NSQ for straightforward, simple answers or because of the nuance that engaging in conversation supplies. Please do not answer by only dropping a link and do not tell users they should "google it." Include a summary of the link or answer the question yourself. Follow-up questions at the top level are allowed. Accounts using AI to generate answers will be banned. Joke responses at the parent-level will be removed. RULES: Rule 1: Top level comments must contain a genuine attempt at an answerĪll direct answers to a post must make a genuine attempt to answer the question. This subreddit was inspired by this thread and more specifically, this comment. r/explainlikeimfive (check their rules before posting) r/OutOfTheLoop (check their rules before posting) Thanks for reading all of this, even if you didn't read all of this, and your eye started somewhere else have a cookie. All questions are welcome - except clear trolls, please don't be that guy. All questions are welcome such as to how to change oil, to how to tie shoes. There is no such thing as a Stupid Question!ĭon't be embarrassed of your curiosity everyone has questions that they may feel uncomfortable asking certain people, so this place gives you a nice area not to be judged about asking it.
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7/31/2023 0 Comments Pica pica san francisco yelpDue to popular demand we decided to take the Pica’Pun out of the kitchen and share it with you on the table. Venezuelan cookery doesn’t have strong traces of spicy hotness, but sometimes a little kick finds its way into stews and slow braised meats. Pica Pica’s signature hot sauce and an original Leopoldo López recipe. It’s proven to be one of Pica Pica’s best sellers! Pica’Pun (pee-ka-poon) It is served with sliced tomatoes, avocado and garlic aioli. Our flavors are typical Venezuelan, with sweet and citrus aromas. We pull it to make it easier to eat as a filling inside the arepa. Pernil (per-neel)Ī slow-cooked, oven-roasted pork shoulder. This filling calls for slowly braised chicken, shredded and mixed with avocado, green bell pepper, Serrano peppers, red onions, cilantro, lime and a few other kickers that make this one of Pica Pica’s (and Venezuela’s!) top sellers. Pepeada refers to beautiful and voluptuous. Pepeada (peh-peh-ah-dah)īetter known in Venezuela as “La Reina Pepeada” or “SpotterCurvy Queen.” The story goes that this arepa filling was named after Susana Duijm, Miss World 1955, the first South American woman to ever hold the title. Any hint of spice is a signature of the Lopez family recipe book. The soft, stew-style shredded skirt steak represents the Spanish influence the black beans and the plantains reflect our Afro-Caribbean roots and the arepa is our daily bread, a contribution of our indigenous tribes. This filling is the national dish in Venezuela, since it is representative of the mestizaje (ethnic and cultural mix) of our heritage. One of our most popular fillings, pabellón consists of shredded skirt steak, black beans and sweet, fried plantains. Not too spicy, it’s a great addition to soups or meat fillings if you are looking for a bit more brightness in flavors, or for your lost mojo. The most common version is what we serve in the glass condiment carafes on each table at Pica Pica. Presentations vary, as in the Andres it has a dairy base (ajicero de leche) and looks milky. a spicy pickled vinegar used throughout Venezuela and much of South America. Ours has chunky avocado, red onions, green peppers, garlic, cilantro, lime and a splash of our secret Pica’pun hot sauce! Mojo (mo-ho) Venezuela’s version of Guacamole but without tomatoes. We like to serve them small, easy to share or as a starter. Ours are made of corn flour, filled with shredded beef or cheese, and fried. The Empanada is a stuffed bread that is baked or fried. In Spanish, empanar means to wrap or coat in bread. Catira (ka-tee-ra)Ī chicken and vegetable stew presenting the traditional sweet, savory and spicy flavors of the “Cocina de Caracas,” reminiscent of the “guiso de hallacas,” topped with cheese, lettuce and tomatoes. At Pica Pica, it is offered all day long since we find its sweetness is well-balanced with the different savory fillings available on our menu. In Venezuela the cachapa is usually eaten for breakfast and filled with white cheese. You can feel the corn kernels in every bite (and in doing so, be transported back to earlier times, when the dough was made originally by pounding the corn kernels with a stone). Cachapas (ka-chóp-az)Ī corn pancake or crèpe made out of sweet yellow corn. Ours are made with yuca and queso fresco, and are 100% gluten free. It is a fried ball of dough, flavored with sweet or savory ingredients and topped with something sweet. Bululú in Venezuelan vernacular means a very noisy gathering! Buñuelos (boon-nuay-los)Īlso called beignets, these are very Latin, but with a decidedly European influence. This salad is a burst of tropical freshness, made with roasted corn kernels, red bell peppers, daikon spouts, jicama and bits of pineapple with passion fruit vinaigrette. or the sweet yellow made out of fresh sweet corn. You can enjoy the classic white made with Harina P.A.N. It is a grilled corn pocket, crunchy on the outside and moist on the inside cut length-wise and stuffed with savory goodness. Roughly translates as “A little bit of this, a little bit of that.” In Spanish, Picar has multiple meanings: hens peck spicy to eat little bits of different foods. 7/31/2023 0 Comments Bully dog gt tunerThis gauge option shows the information from sensors connected to the 0-5V auxiliary inputs on the Bully Dog Sensor Docking Station. Only available on Bully Dog Sensor Docking Station part number 40385. The GT will use this information to ensure that your engine is using the correct ratio to completely burn all of the fuel being used and maximize performance and efficiency. This gauge option shows the ratio of air to fuel. The following gauge options are provided to allow the GT to monitor additional sensors that are only available with the Bully Dog Sensor Docking Station. This option displays the amount of fuel being used at any given time it is shown in gallons per hour. This information will help you to determine when your fuel efficiency peaks or dies to improve your driving habits and your bottom line when visiting the pump. This option displays a real-time measurement of the vehicle’s fuel economy, shown in miles per gallon. The ECM then sends the correct amount of fuel for optimum engine performance. It is used by the Engine Control Module (ECM), aka: the engine computer, to determine how much air is going into the engine. This option displays information from the Mass Airflow Sensor. The transmission temperature is used in defuel and warning level settings to help prevent damage to the transmission. This option shows the transmission temperature. The ICP affects correct fuel injection, and this information is used by the engine computer to adjust other settings like fuel flow to achieve optimum engine performance and increase horse power. This option shows the injection control pressure (ICP). The Gauge Tuner (GT) is designed to work with the RFI to get the most out of your engine. Adding a Bully Dog Rapid Flow Intake (RFI) closed air system will lower this temperature, improve performance, and increase horse power. Air temperature affects combustion temperature and engine performance. This option shows the intake air temperature. The throttle position information is used by the Driving Coach to indicate where changes can be made to driving habits to maximize fuel efficiency. This option shows the throttle position measurement – it is displayed as the percent open. The temperature infor- mation is used in defuel and warning level settings to help prevent damage to the engine. This option shows the coolant temperature. This will help you protect your vehicle and improve per- formance by watching and ensuring that the RPMs stay within the optimal operating range for your engine. This option shows the number of revolutions per minute of the engine. This option shows the turbo boost pressure. If the speed is displayed incorrectly on the GT, it can easily be corrected. Other im- portant numbers, like the odometer and fuel efficiency, are based on this information. Monitoring this infor- mation can help you ensure that the speed displayed on the GT and the vehicle speedometer match the actual vehicle speed. This option shows the current vehicle speed. For all other vehicles, pyrometer kits are available for purchase from All ’07.5 and newer diesel pickups that are equipped with OEM diesel particulate filters also include factory installed pyrometer sensors. The availability and location of factory installed pyrometers vary according to vehicle make and year. These temperature readings are used for defuel and warning level settings, which can help protect your engine from heat damage. The only difference between them is the location of the temperature sensor. Dodge Cummins - 2013-2021 6.Both pyro 1 and pyro 2 measure exhaust gas temperature.Dodge Cummins - 2010-2012 6.7L 24V Cummins - Programmers, Tuners, Chips.Dodge Cummins - 2007.5-2009 6.7L 24V Cummins - Programmers, Tuners, Chips.Dodge Cummins - 2004.5-2007 5.9L 24V Cummins (Late) - Programmers, Tuners, Chips.Dodge Cummins - 2003-2004 5.9L 24V Cummins (Early) - Programmers, Tuners, Chips.GM Duramax - 2011-2016 LML VIN Code 8 - Programmers, Tuners, Chips.GM Duramax - 2007.5-2010 LMM VIN Code 6 - Programmers, Tuners, Chips.GM Duramax - 2006-2007 LBZ VIN Code D - Programmers, Tuners, Chips.GM Duramax - 2004.5-2005 LLY VIN Code 2 - Programmers, Tuners, Chips.GM Duramax - 2001-2004 LB7 VIN Code 1 - Programmers, Tuners, Chips. 7/31/2023 0 Comments 2020 odyssey g7The Game menu offers settings for the refresh rate, black equalizer, response time, adaptive sync, and low input lag. In the main menu, the two most interesting submenus are the Game menu and Picture menu. Click it once to bring up the first selection screen, where you can choose between input source, picture-in-picture mode, and the main menu. Power is provided through a large power brick that you’ll want to hide somewhere under your desk.įor control, your only mechanism is a directional control nub at the bottom of the display. It comes with two DisplayPort inputs and one HDMI port, along with a built-in two-port USB 3.0 hub. Ports and controlsĬonnectivity on the G7 is minimal, but in a good way. This doesn’t really add much to the display, but it’s somewhat subtly implemented, so it’s no issue – the front lighting elements aren’t really visible from most seating positions. To keep things tidy, cables can be guided through the inside of the stand, and a headphone hook is present to keep your cans off the desk when you’re not gaming.Īround the rear of the display, you’ll find Samsung’s Infinity Core lighting, which extends around to the bottom corners on the front. The curve on our sample did appear slightly uneven, with the sharpest point slightly off-center to the left, but once you’re immersed in a game, you forget all about it. It can even rotate to portrait, though I can’t imagine any reason why anyone would want to do so. The stand also features tilt and height adjustments. The stand itself might be big, but it uses long, sleek legs to give a spacious feel and leave plenty of room. The intense curve is a wonderful eye-catcher, and with the display this far forward, it becomes a real centerpiece. If you do, though, you’re in for a treat. The G7’s intense curve makes it a real centerpiece on your desk. You’re then greeted with an absolute behemoth of a display. As you unpack the monitor, the first step is to secure the triangle base to the stand’s neck, after which you slot the top of the neck into the back of the monitor, secure four screws, and lift the entire assembly out of the box. When it comes to design, Samsung has done an admirable job. Is the Samsung Odyssey G7 worthy of a spot on your desk? Design It’s certainly a unique gaming monitor, but with a widely reported G-Sync flicker issue and an $800 asking price, the Odyssey G7 still has a lot to prove. I checked out the 32-inch variant of the Odyssey G7 monitor, which comes with a 1440p native resolution and a 240Hz refresh rate. It’s true gaming immersion at its finest. For the first time, the screen’s curve, now 1000R, finally matches the curvature of the human eye. Samsung’s new Odyssey G7 stretches the technology even further. Addressing the elephant in the room: G-Sync Flicker.Sacrificing practicality for gaming prowess. Looking for some new and epic XP Dayz wallpapers? Look no further! This post contains a variety of desert, scenery, snow, and extreme wallpapers that will definitely add an extra layer of realism to your game. Wallpaper Packs: Desert, Scenery, Snow, Extreme The developers are continuing to develop features at a steady rate and it seems likely that this will be one of the most ambitious mods ever created for DayZ. Overall, the xp dayz epoch appears to be making good progress. This will allow players to join one of three competing factions – Survivors, Bandits or Militias – and wage war against their opponents in order to control key locations on the map. This will allow players to trade items and resources across different areas of the map, creating an intricate network of commerce.Īnother major feature planned for xp dayz epoch is faction warfare. In xp dayz epoch, this will be handled through a system called Trade Routes. One of the most important aspects of any game world is its economy. In this article, we take a look at some of the latest features planned for the mod. However, recent developments suggest that the project is making good progress. The xp dayz epoch mod is a massive undertaking, and as such, progress has been slow. The goal of the project is to create an entirely new game world, with its own story and characters, set within the confines of the original DayZ game. The xp dayz epoch mod is an ambitious modification for the popular zombie game, DayZ. So whether you’re a seasoned XP DayzEpoch Mod player or just starting out, be sure to check out our range of stunning x1080p Kuo Factz Epi Mod Wallpapers! 1080x1920p Conqueror 2.0 Mod If you’re looking for some amazing wallpapers that will show your XP Dayz Epoch Mod game off in the best possible light, then look no further! Our team of experienced gamers have put together a selection of stunning 1080p images that will perfectly capture the atmosphere and feel of this popular mod. Here, we will be providing you with high resolution wallpapers for the XP Dayz Epoch Mod. Welcome to our new x1080p Kuo Factz Epi Mod Wallpapers blog article. Be sure to check it out today! 1440x1080p Kuo Factz Epi Mod Wallpapers It also includes custom sound effects and music to enhance the experience even further. This add-on provides high-resolution images for all of the in-game UI elements, including maps, icons, and crosshairs. To get the full experience, we recommend installing the x1440p Z Industries Mod Wallpapers. The game features stunning visuals and a unique, tactical gameplay style that will keep you entertained for hours on end. XP Dayz Epoch is a new, standalone, open-world zombie apocalypse game by Bohemia Interactive that takes place in a post-apocalyptic world where humanity struggles to survive against an infection that has turned most of the population into zombies. These images have been created using in-game footage and are perfect for use as desktop backgrounds or user interface textures. Welcome to the x1440p Z Industries Mod Wallpapers blog! Here you will find high-resolution wallpapers for the XP Dayz Epoch Mod. There are several wallpapers available for download that show off the amazing graphics of Epoch. The graphics are stunning and the gameplay is much improved over other dayz mods. So get yourself geared up for the next big game by checking out our x1440p Dayz Epoch Mod Wallpapers selection today! 1440x2560p Dayz Epoz Mod WallpapersĮpoch is a new dayz mod that takes the game to a new level. Whether you’re a fan of classic Chernarus architecture or want to show off your zombie slaying prowess with some gory Dayz Epoch wallpapers, we’ve got them all. Whether you’re a seasoned player looking for new ways to impress your friends, or just starting out and want some inspiration, we’ve got the perfect set of wallpapers for you. Welcome to the exciting world of x1440p Dayz Epoch Mod Wallpapers! With these amazing high resolution images, you’ll be able to show off your gaming skills in style! From abandoned villages to bloody skirmishes, these wallpapers will give your desktop a truly unique look. But what if you could use a custom wallpaper that was specifically designed for DayZ Epoch? Thanks to 3440x1440p dayz epoch mod wallpapers, you can! These high-resolution wallpapers were created by players and experts in theDayZEpoch community and feature all the best sights and sounds from the game. If you’re like most people, you’re using a custom wallpaper application to make your screens look unique. With the release of DayZ Epoch, a new standalone version of the popular zombie survival game, gamers everywhere are looking for ways to customize their screens. 7/31/2023 0 Comments Ikana castle walkthroughDefeat it and you will meet Flat and see what is behind the curtain. Jump on it and walk through the imaginary wall to get to a room with an iron knuckle in it. That’s what makes the Nintendo Switch Online so interesting as it allows people the chance to play classic games, some for the first time. On the night of the first day, enter the Ikana graveyard, talk to one of the stalchildren circling a grave while wearing the Captain's Hat and tell them to open the grave. Golden Eye 007 is scheduled for the Nintendo Switch Online "soon" so only time will tell when. I’m thinking I want to give Golden Eye 007 another chance, as I never cared for it as a kid. At the start of the fight, use Fire Arrows to burn away both of the drapes that are blocking the sunlight from. If it’s available on the Nintendo Switch Online service, then it can be played on the program. Igos du Ikana is the Skeleton King of Ikana, and the boss of Ikana Castle. Start thinking of different games you want to see played on the Stevetendo show. I would love to talk Jets, Devils, and Mets all night but that’s only a portion of what you come to the show to see. If you've watched the Stevetendo show, you know we check the scores during the livestream. Subscribing allows you to support all the great Shacknews Twitch shows, not just the Stevetendo show! Join in the fun as we try to complete these great video games and talk some sports. It’s simple, painless, and best of all, it’s free. If you want to support the Shacknews Twitch channel with more than just watching the great programming, then I suggest you subscribe with Prime Gaming. If it doesn't happen, we'll pick up Mario RPG in the New Year! The perfect way to end the year is to see if I can beat Super Mario RPG before the New Year. Keep an eye out for more Zelda in 2023 but we're going to end 2022 in style. The holiday season and the end of the year are almost upon us. If you can't make tonight's show, you can watch Tuesday and Wednesday nights at 5 p.m. Shackers who want to join in on the fun can head over to the Shacknews Twitch channel, where you can tune into the Stevetendo show every Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. It's a maze-like dungeon and we'll have to traverse it twice! ET find out if we can make it through Ikana Castle and the Stone Tower! The Stone Tower seperates the men from the boys. You can push these statues around and put them on switches. For example, if you have the Goron mask on, you’ll create a bargain basement copy of the Goron. The Elegy of Emptiness creates a statue, wearing the mask you were wearing. Ikana Castle has the Elegy of Emptiness, a vital melody needed to get into the Stone Tower. Next up is a journey into Ikana Castle and the Stone Tower. There was housekeeping that we needed to do along the way as well such as getting the All Night Mask and learning the Song of Storms. During the last Majora’s Mask episode, we made our way to Ikana Canyon as well as the Stone Tower, the final dungeon in the game. We’ve made a pretty big dent in the game but there is plenty left to do. At the very end of the maze lies the prize, the Mirror Shield, and the entrance to Ikana Castle.Tonight, on the Stevetendo show, we’re getting back into our Legend of Zelda: Majora’s Mask playthrough. Most of these items can be found in the Well, though Link will need to get the Potion(s) and Magic Beans outside the well. The first is by going through the Empty Well. However, instead of asking directly, they will give a cryptic clue as to what item they want.Ī notable enemy within the Well is a Big Poe, which is intended to be captured in a Bottle and given to one of the Gibdos in order to proceed. There are two ways into the Ancient Castle of Ikana. In order to advance through the maze, Link must speak to each Gibdo and fulfill any need they might have, which can only be achieved while wearing the Gibdo Mask. In front of each door within the maze is a Gibdo. Inside the Bottom of the Well is a maze of colossal size, guarded by many traps and enemies. Although it can be entered at any time, full exploration is only possible after Link collects the Gibdo Mask. The place is found to the right of the Spirit House, near where Tingle draws his maps. 7/31/2023 0 Comments Pocket casts logoSince 2019, Pocket Casts has been free to download with a $9.99/year Pocket Casts Plus tier available to access desktop (Mac, Windows, and web) apps, Apple Watch support, and cloud storage to upload your own audio files. Moving forward, “Pocket Casts will continue to provide you with the features needed to enjoy your favorite podcasts (or find something new).” “Deep integrations” between the podcasting service and are being explored with the goal of “making it easier to distribute and listen to podcasts.” The Pocket Casts development team has yet to comment on the news or detail more plans. The announcement from Automattic is light on concrete details, but app cofounders Russell Ivanovic and Philip Simpson are remaining in their roles. Original 7/16: Australian-based Pocket Casts was purchased by top podcast producers NPR, WNYC Studios, WBEZ Chicago, and This American Life in May 2018 to “ public radio’s leading role as an innovator in audio discovery and distribution, while ensuring the continued support and growth of one of the most popular listening platforms on the market.” However, it emerged that NPR, which owns just over a third of the service, reported that its share lost $812,129 in 2020. More details and answers will be made available “over the coming weeks.” This is a bright new chapter for us where we can focus on what we do best, bringing you the best possible podcasting experience we can. Update 7/17: In an email to users, the Pocket Casts team says it doesn’t “expect you to notice any immediate changes to the way Pocket Casts works.” They tout this “exciting transition” as making possible a “bigger and better” app. Automattic, which is known for and bought Tumblr from Verizon in 2019, announced that its now acquiring Pocket Casts. Back in January, it emerged that Pocket Casts was up for sale by its public radio consortium owners. Life Summary in Hindi & Marathi Free Online.All Maharashtra Board Class 9 English Chapters and Poems Summary in Hindi & Marathi This will help students to learn quickly in Marathi language. Here we have uploaded the The Road Not Taken Summary in Marathi for students. Students can bookmark this page for future preparation of exams. Students can check below the The Road Not Taken Summary in Hindi. Click on The Road Not Taken Summary in Hindi & Marathi Post.Now search for Chapters Summary in Hindi & Marathi.Look for summary of all subjects in Hindi & Marathi.How to find The Road Not Taken Summary in Hindi? The Road Not Taken Summary in Hindi & Marathi If you have questions regarding the The Road Not Taken Summary in Hindi & Marathi please let us know in the comments. We have extracted a summary of all chapters of and have uploaded them in Marathi and Hindi for easy understanding and quick learning. Our only goal is to help students prepare for the upcoming exams. Also, in this article, we will also provide The Road Not Taken Summary in Hindi & Marathi Free Online for ease of students. The Road Not Taken Summary in Hindi & Marathi Free Online: In this article, we will provide all students with a summary of The Road Not Taken in Hindi & Marathi Free Online. 7/31/2023 0 Comments Sacrifire oyun walkthroughThe Architect Paris ( Epic Games Store).Hard Truck Apocalypse / Ex Machina ( Steam).Deepest Chamber ( Steam and Epic Games Store).Check vs Mate ( Steam, North America) / Battle vs Chess ( Steam, Europe).King’s Bounty II (day-and-date release on Steam and Epic Games Store, August 24).RiMS Racing (day-and-date release on Steam and Epic Games Store, August 19).Humankind (day-and-date release on Steam and Epic Games Store, August 17).
7/31/2023 0 Comments Virus detected csv2qifOur study was driven by the hypothesis that COVID-19 patients in the early stage of their illness would shed infectious SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory secretions and contaminate surfaces that can contribute to transmission of the virus. It appears likely that patients early in the course of COVID-19 could more readily transmit and contaminate surfaces in the clinical and community setting, leading to an increased risk of virus transmission 21. Additional studies investigating shedding of infectious virus from COVID-19 patients consistently report that it is highest early in the course of infection 17, 18, 19, 20. However, extensive surface contamination with SARS-CoV-2 by a symptomatic patient has been demonstrated in a hospital setting 16 where a link was established between the presence of environmental contamination and the quantity of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, using cycle threshold (C t), detected in the clinical sample, and day post-symptom onset and shedding of infectious SARS-CoV-2. Recent reports suggest that there is little evidence to support transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through contaminated surfaces 13, 14 and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently suggested that surfaces are not a significant mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 15. Transmission is further clouded by uncertainty over the minimal infectious dose in humans although classical human volunteer studies with the 229E coronavirus have shown clinically evident attack rates as high as 50% with extremely low inoculation doses of 0.6–1.5 TCID 50 11, 12. There has been debate about the degree to which respiratory secretions of varying particle sizes, including those produced by exhaled breath, may be responsible for transmission of the virus 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 in part due to confusion over the relationships between a PCR signal and how that result relates to the underlying quantities of viral non-genomic RNA, virus genomes, and infectious virions. fomites), and small particle aerosols, with close contact being a major risk associated with transmission 5, 6. The modes for SARS-CoV-2 transmission are considered to occur through multiple routes including large respiratory droplets, contact (direct and indirect i.e. In response, public health measures were implemented based on the best available data related to the presumed modes of transmission and based on recommendations for other respiratory viruses 2, 3, 4. Since February 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has gripped the globe 1. Together, our findings offer compelling evidence that large respiratory droplet and contact (direct and indirect i.e., fomites) are important modes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. SARS-CoV-2 isolated from patient respiratory tract samples caused illness in a hamster model with a minimum infectious dose of ≤ 14 PFU. Infectious virus in clinical and associated environmental samples correlated with time since symptom onset with no detection after 7–8 days in immunocompetent hosts and with N-gene based C t values ≤ 25 significantly predictive of yielding plaques in culture. Infectious SARS-CoV-2 with quantitative burdens varying from 5 plaque-forming units/mL (PFU/mL) up to 1.0 × 10 6 PFU/mL was detected in 151/459 (33%) of the specimens assayed and up to 1.3 × 10 6 PFU/mL on fomites with confirmation by plaque morphology, PCR, immunohistochemistry, and/or sequencing. To explore the potential modes of Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, we collected 535 diverse clinical and environmental samples from 75 infected hospitalized and community patients. |
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